Stem Cell Research Legislation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Undeveloped cell Legislation - Research Paper Example It is trusted that such cells can be created to supplant broken cells in conditions like spinal rope injury, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and different other ailments. An investigate the American foundational microorganism research enactments demonstrates that the nation needs to make such laws in regards to licenses and scholarly rights to guarantee that the legislature and the governmentally supported analysts approach undifferentiated cells. What's more, there ought to be clear government rules in regards to the understanding between patent holders and analysts. The progressions in research were not liberated from moral issues and lawful debates. As detailed by National Bioethics Advisory Commission (1999) this is for the most part so in light of the fact that the hotspots for foundational microorganisms are multi week old undeveloped organisms called blastocysts which are typically made through in vitro preparation to treat fruitlessness, five to multi week o ld incipient organisms of hatchlings got through elective premature birth, undeveloped organisms made through in vitro treatment for research purposes, incipient organisms made through cloning or physical cell atomic exchange, lastly, grown-up tissues like umbilical rope blood and marrow. The contention predominantly encompasses taking immature microorganisms from human incipient organisms and babies in light of the fact that the procedure obliterates them. As a matter of fact, the American organization has consistently been available to the moral concerns encompassing undeveloped organism research. Since the beginning, the administration didn't give any financing to help investigates on immature microorganisms from human incipient organisms. In this way, the government law appropriately restricted the HHS from financing any such examination. In the year 1994, President Bill Clinton gave an official order to the NIH that it ought not assign assets to create human undeveloped organis ms for research purposes. After two years, in 1996, there was an authoritative restriction on NIH’s spending on immature microorganism research from human incipient organisms. From that point, each year, the administration passed such a boycott. As Wertz (2002, p. 674-678) brings up, as per the boycott, government assets couldn't be utilized for the improvement of human undeveloped organisms for research purposes where human incipient organism is decimated, disposed of, or intentionally exposed to danger of injury or passing. Notwithstanding, as the Wisconsin researchers effectively developed early stage undifferentiated organisms into specific cells, there emerged expanded interest from NIH to again investigate the legislative prohibition on immature microorganism research from undeveloped organisms and embryo. The assessment of the HHS’ General Counsel was that the current law that lone restricted the utilization of HHS assets for human undeveloped organism examinati on would not boycott research on undifferentiated organisms since immature microorganisms are not inside the lawful meaning of human incipient organism. As indicated by the definition gave, undeveloped organism is a life form that is fit for forming into a full individual when embedded in the uterus. It is asserted that the pluripotent immature microorganisms can't develop into a person. Hence, the supposition came to was that HHS could reserve such immature microorganism investigates that figure out how to get the undeveloped cells from incipient organisms utilizing private methods. The limitation just applied to those investigates that need to get undifferentiated organisms from incipient organisms utilizing government reserves. In spite of the fact that there was congressional restriction, NIH clarified that it would bolster undeveloped cell research once it figured out how to give rules and to set up an oversight board of trustees. Consequently, the NIH rules showed up in August 2000 that clarified that explores utilizing pluripotent undifferentiated cells from human incipient organisms can be led utilizing NIH reserves. Anyway the condition was that the stem

The Go-Between: Is Ted a coward?

In Hartley's The Go-Between, lower-class Ted, a significant character ends his life following an enthusiastic undertaking with high society Marian, at Brandham Hall in the year 1900. Ted's self destruction could be decided as a fearful demonstration. Notwithstanding, Hartley has given the peruser proof to demonstrate that Ted is a solid and chivalrous character in this novel. Hartley investigates the troublesome way of the adoration among Marian and Ted against the exacting social foundation of 1900 England. In the ‘garden of Eden' setting of Brandham Hall, Hartley recounts to the story through the eyes of a blameless 12-year-old kid, Leo, who finds the significance of class differentiations in the blistering summer of 1900. In the subsequent loss of guiltlessness, Leo finds the genuine idea of the connection between focal characters Ted and Marian, and the lives of the considerable number of individuals at Brandham Hall are changed until the end of time. The peruser is first acquainted with Ted at the swimming gap. This is critical to the choice of Ted's cowardliness as we are given a solid physical depiction of him. The accompanying depiction convinces the peruser that Ted encapsulates quality. He isn't powerless and subsequently not a weakling. â€Å"†¦ it was Ted Burgess sticking to the post, pulling himself out. His muscles grouped, his face tense with exertion. He didn't see me, and I withdrew nearly in tear before that amazing body.† (Pg 63) Hartley effectively utilizes imagery to pass on that Ted is a resilient man. Toward the start of the novel, youthful Leo is wondering over the zodiac signs which embellish his journal. He is uncertain of which sign he might want to be: the water transporter or the bowman. All through the novel, Leo makes associations with Ted and the water bearer. He depicts the water transporter as â€Å"strong and sturdy†. â€Å"Striding over the barnyard came the rancher, a bucket of water in each hand. I recalled that him; it was Ted Burgess of the swimming pool.† (Pg 85) Ted is additionally portrayed by Hartley as a soul harvester. The soul harvester is a man that represents demise as an elderly person or skeleton conveying a grass shearer. This again gives the peruser a virile impression of Ted and not a gutless one. â€Å"It wasn't hard to track down him, for he was generally working in the collect fields on the most distant side of the stream; from the floodgate stage I could see where he was. The first occasion when I went he was riding the collector, a brand new machine which cut the corn yet didn't tie it.† Hartley utilized a weapon as another image. This image was pivotal to the more profound comprehension of fundamental character, Ted. Ted really portrays himself as â€Å"a quite great shot†. Weapons are an image of solidarity, an image of intensity. They are structured simply to harm or slaughter. There are a couple of references during the novel about Ted and his firearm, just as these weapons by and large. â€Å"He was remaining with his weapon looking for the hares and different animals, which clung to their sanctuary till the last second before blasting out.† (Pg 109) â€Å"He was perched on a seat behind the table with a firearm between his knees so ingested that he didn't hear me. The gag was just beneath his mouth, the barrel was squeezed against his stripped chest, and he was peering down it.† (Pg 186) These depictions of Ted and his firearm are critical to the peruser on the grounds that it gives us the understanding that Ted is agreeable around this weapons and he approaches one. The peruser is less shocked when we discover that Ted has shot himself. All through the novel, Leo visits Ted at Black Farm to convey messages from Marian. Ted is characterized by his condition that is his home and his activity. Ted is a common laborers man who fills in as an inhabitant on the land. Ted is tanned from spending long days working outside. He is will never win enough cash to progress up the social class stepping stool since he will undoubtedly give benefits from his homestead to the proprietor, Lord Trimingham. The depiction of Ted's home and some exchange causes the peruser to accept that Ted is truly and intellectually versatile. This man is no defeatist. â€Å"We went into the house, which struck me as a mean residence, through an entryway that drove straight into the kitchen. ‘This is the place I for the most part live,' he said protectively, ‘I'm not what you call a refined man rancher. I'm a working one.'† (Pg 87) Ted is truly solid yet in addition intellectually intense as well. From the earliest starting point, the peruser discovers that Ted knows precisely where he fits in the social class structure of 1900 England. This is indicated when Leo trespasses visits Ted's ranch. † ‘What the villain !' he started, and his red-earthy colored eyes shimmered with furious lights. ‘What the hellfire do you think you're doing here? I've a decent psyche to give you the greatest whipping you've at any point had in your life.† When Ted understands that Leo is remaining at the tone totally changes and he is sorry to Leo. † ‘You wouldn't fret in the event that I addressed you somewhat hurried. That is the manner in which I am, and these old young men round here they drive me half deranged. I didn't detest him for changing his tune when he knew where I originated from: it appeared to me right, characteristic and appropriate that he should.† The acknowledgment of Ted's situation in the public arena is imperative to the improvement of his character. We comprehend that Ted isn't angry of where he stands yet agreeable. This is vital to the understanding Ted's self destruction. He understands that Marian will never wed him. He would prefer to pass on than watch Lord Trimingham carry on with an existence with Marian. This isn't weakness, however acknowledgment. Ted's self destruction could be portrayed as apprehensive. Be that as it may, Hartley has given the peruser enough proof to propose something else. Ted is contrasted with solid characters, for example, the water bearer and the messenger of death. He is at first portrayed as being truly solid and appealing at the water opening. Ted has an information and love of firearms, they cause him to feel virile. Ted is wise. He understands where he remains in the public eye and is tolerating of this. He comprehends that Marian will never wed him since society won't acknowledge it. At last, Ted executed himself out of affection for Marian. He would not like to carry on with an actual existence that would exclude Marian. Ted isn't a defeatist yet just head-over-heels in affection.

Words free essay sample

Im about sure that all individuals have shared the superb experience of chiding. I affectionately review my dads visit requests, Tahirah! Dont compose on the divider! I despite everything cant very appreciate why, since I was so exceptionally gifted with crayola at six years of age, my dad wouldnt need my exquisite kaleidoscopic words upon the in any case dull, white dividers. At the point when I found books, the counsel was typically, Turn out the light! Put that book down and rest! Thank heavens book lights can be handily covered up under covers. The latest censures have respected my moms odd want that I turn my music off; clearly wearing headphones isnt adequate (lamentably regularly her voice doesnt appear to make it to my ears). Ive saw that the rebukes have kept up a comparability in reason, for they ceaselessly demand that I disregard my wellbeing. We will compose a custom article test on Words or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Its awful to consider what could occur on the off chance that I didnt have the three necessities of life: music, books, and composing. In spite of the fact that Ive progressed from composing on the dividers to utilizing one of my various journals or Steve, my cherished PC, the goal has continued as before: to get out however many of my considerations as could be expected under the circumstances before my brain floods. Deplorably, this quite often prompts all the more chastening: Turn off that PC, you have school in the first part of the day! My brain doesnt appear to esteem rest as much as my folks do; in any event, when Im securely concealed underneath the spreads, I despite everything want to reach through the obscurity to snatch a pen and paper. If not kept wakeful around evening time by my need to compose, Im kept alert by my need to peruse (surmise that is the reason Im not a morning individual). Various creators have been answerable for keeping me from getting the imperative rest. It shouldnt come as any unexpected that one of my preferred areas is sitting in one of the dark comfortable seats inside Borders Bo oks and Music. My three essential needs all for the most part include something very similar, which is that they express something utilizing words. Regardless of whether theyre sung or composed, I respect the utilization of words to take the bits of an idea and structure them into something intelligible. Most likely, this is the reason for my broad statement assortment. As depicted by Anna H. Branch, God wove a trap of perfection, of mists and stars and feathered creatures, yet made no thing at all so excellent as words.

What Is Character vs. Nature Conflict Learn About the Literary Conflict with Examples

Nature conflicts bring a character face to face with Mother Nature’s power. Seeing how a character responds to this can lay bare their deepest values, motivations, and fears, leading to a rich, character-driven story.

Haiti Is Located In Central America, And Is Also Bordered

Haiti is located in Central America, and is also bordered by the Caribbean Sea. The size of the country is comparable to the state of Maryland in the United States; however, it is marginally smaller. As of July 2016, the estimated population was 10,485,800. (CIA) Haiti is probably most well known for being the location where a devastating earthquake hit. This earthquake took place in 2010, and it killed more than 200,000 people. (BBC News) The earthquake completely destroyed not only the land, but also the economy. I chose this country because I was curious to find out exactly how the earthquake affected the country’s economy. I also chose this country because not a whole lot of people talk about Haiti, and I don’t really know anything†¦show more content†¦They were losing money, because they were just handing the rice out for free. It also put local businesses out of business because people weren’t going there and paying to get rice. Instead, they were getting it for free. As the import issue gets fixed, things will start going back to normal and people will start paying cash for their food. Relief agencies were going to transition into handing out food vouchers for the people to use to get their rice. (Frontline) This could be good, but if you hand out too many and increase demand a lot at the same time there is limited supply; moreover, this could cause prices to increase tremendously. This would then cause inflation. As the ports are being fixed, then rice wholesalers can get their rice, sell it to vendors, which can then sell rice to wholesalers on the street, and then finally sell food on the streets. (Frontline) As a result of this, the prices will then decrease. Economic Costs are payments that every country has to involve in their economy. Violent crime is a conflict that most people may not think affects a country’s economic status. Every country has some form of security to keep the population safe, and to try and limit the amount of crimes committed throughout the country. Security is a necessity; however, it requires money to keep the system going. When a country like Haiti has to have lots of security, that requires what is calledShow MoreRelatedUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pagesshares significant aspects of its culture with neighboring Arab countries and the larger Arab culture. II- Geographical Setting: A- Location The UAE is situated in the Southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf , is bordered on the north by the Persian Gulf and Iran , on the East by Oman , and on the South and West by Saudi Arabia sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Iran. The UAE covers 32,278 square miles (83,600 square kilometers). The Seven EmiratesRead MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pagesshares significant aspects of its culture with neighboring Arab countries and the larger Arab culture. II- Geographical Setting: A- Location The UAE is situated in the Southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf , is bordered on the north by the Persian Gulf and Iran , on the East by Oman , and on the South and West by Saudi Arabia sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Iran. The UAE covers 32,278 square miles (83,600 square kilometers). The Seven EmiratesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPast, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul

Negative Effects Of Single Parent Family - 1820 Words

For many years, children growing up in a single parent family have been viewed as different. Being raised by only one parents seems impossible to many yet over the decade it has become more common. story of single parent women named Riya. whose Husband dead in an accident in 1998. She has three kids and they all were teenagers by the time when her husband dead. And she was uneducated and didn’t get any work to do. Though single parent households that include only of either mother or father do the best they can to support their children. There are some negative effects to not having a well-rounded home life. By today’s generation, most of the single parents are facing very hard life because living in poverty is very stressful and can have†¦show more content†¦Working for long hours, working hard and not giving enough time to children is another way of making your children to feel lonely. Moreover, to say that most of the single parents are becoming the reason of children’s emotional problems because of low parenting quality. However, Riya worked hard for family and her children but she couldn’t make any special day to sit or her enough time to the children’s. in fact, their way or parents suffer is more likely being busy with their work to complete children’s finical things such as school fees, tuition fess etc. These things may make parents to miss child’s school functions or any other special event where the child needs their parents to be with. As shown above, these things prove a low parenting quality and child may suffer from emotional problems or some interpersonal things. Children won’t be able to share their personals or won’t be open to talk about their problems because parents don’t give them their time. The change is parenting status is a difficult change for child to accept and even if parent try at trying their best to make the children to understand can sometime rebound the relation. Furthermore, having said that single parent’s way or parenting their children can be worse or risky for their children’s life as well their own life. If they cannot make themselves equal to two parent’s qualities of parenting for a child. Riya’s life has been destroyed by the age when her children grown up butShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Single Parenting On Children1494 Words   |  6 Pagesexplains the impact of single parenting on children in the Unites States .Over the years the â€Å"normal family† form has changed due to the increase in the numbers of children born outside of marriages and the increase in divorce rates. Now many children live in households other than the two-parent household. 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Like the moral value decline in Rome was caused by the fall of father role in the families, America have been suffering from the moral decline because of the rise in the single-parent families. The rise in the single-parent families is the same kind of the fall of father authority because single-mothers’ rate is increased than the single-father’s rate. ThereRead MoreThe Consequences For A Child1446 Words   |  6 PagesChild in a Single Parent Household It is a well-known fact that single parent families provide less than optimal environments for raising children regardless of the country. The quality of parenting is less when compared to those children who live at home with both of their parents. According to Nicholson, D’Esposito, Lucas, and Westrupp (2014), they suggested there is strong evidence emphasizing how children in single-parent fare more poorly when compared to children in two-parent families, which includesRead MoreSingle Parent Education Program : Single Parenthood Is Becoming An Epidemic1146 Words   |  5 PagesSingle Parent Education Program Single parenthood is becoming an epidemic. According to Mullis Mullis one in five families with children under the age of five is a one-parent family (Mullis Mullis, 2013). With the rise of single parent households it is essential that families are equipped with the proper tools to navigate single parenthood. My goal for my parent education program involves equipping single parent families with the tools necessary to raise competent adults. 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Risk Management in Construction-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: To what extent does Risk Management in Construction Projects have beneficial effects on emerging Countries' Economies? Answer: Introduction: Development and construction has a considerable impact on the economic growth and sustainability of a country. However, construction projects are associated with major risk factors as well, and in case those risk scenarios are not managed accordingly. The detrimental impact of risk consequences on the economic growth of the country can be extreme as well. It can be mentioned in this context that the impact of faulty construction risk management is even more profound on the emerging countries. It must not escape notice that in case of emerging countries the developmental progress contributes handsomely to the economic stability (Fellows Liu, 2012). Hence, this paper will argue that optimal and adequate risk management activities in case of the construction companies contribute the economic growth and stability of the emerging companies in terms of time and manpower management, cost management, procurement, opportunity identification and sustainable environment-friendly developmental goals. Body section 1: Risk management in construction aids in optimal cost management: Cost management can be considered the most direct advantage of construction project risk management; however, in certain circumstances the individual expense for the risk management procedure itself threatens the financial limit of the project itself (Fellows Liu, 2012). Although, risk management avoids many financial risks that can eventually help in maintaining the financial stability of the project (Merrow, 2011). The developmental construction projects are considered to be one of the greatest contributing factors behind the developing economy of the entire nation. Although the magnanimous developmental projects require adequate funding and time devoted to the project as well. In case of an emerging country, the optimal utilization of the resources utilized for the developmental projects is crucial for economic stability of any emerging country. Hwang and Ng (2013) stated that the construction industry can be considered as a highly heterogeneous and extremely complex associated with a number of risks and difficulties that can prove to be excruciating hurdles in the path of optimal economical development of a developing country. As there are various hazard risks associated with the construction projects, the possibilities of the hazards sabotaging the resources utilized for the construction projects are extremely high. Merrow (2011), has opined that adequate risk management activities can be ex tremely helpful in safeguarding the monetary expense invested by a national government in a particularly large developmental construction project. For example, there are various softwares like @Risk, Risk+, PERTmaster project risks and Predict, which has been noted to ease the risk management procedure in an efficient manner (Zwikael Ahn, 2011). Although, it can be stated that the extra resources invested in the extensive risk management procedures can be a significant impact to the financial standing of the project (Merrow, 2011). Body section 2: Risk management in construction helps in time and manpower management: One of the most effective forms of risk management in construction projects in emerging countries is time and manpower, although in all circumstances, general risk management procedure might not result in the advantageous outcome for time and manpower management where more critical and advanced risk management is required (Qazi et al., 2016). However, it can be mentioned that utilizing software based risk management procedure like analytical hierarchy method can be beneficial in optimal time and manpower management. It can be mentioned in this context that the manpower and time invested by a nation in a rather large construction project is considerably higher. Now construction projects of such intensity can be very unpredictable in terms of successful implementation and outcome generation. Kelly, Male and Graham (2014) explained that the impact of the risk management can be considered a business process management phenomenon that takes into consideration identifying and addressing the root cause of the hazardous risks that has the potential to challenge the outcome of the particular project. Hwang and Ng (2013) agreed on this fact and explained that the risk management procedures are comprehensive and systematic and explore, evaluate, and respond to all the risk-causing elements prevalent, to successfully achieves the construction project objectives. It also needs to be addressed that the time and manpower invested by an economically backward emerging country is massive in case of such projects. A failure may cause the workers and the government a major loss, which developing countries might not be able to afford. In this sector, regular risks assessment activities utilizing analytical hierarchy procedure in all the different phases of the construction project provides an advantage to the national government. However, there are opposing arguments that indicate that utilizing the analytical hierarchy procedure is extremely time consuming and requires expertise to be successfully implemented and many of the construction companies might find using this procedure more critical than standard risk management procedures (Hwang Ng 2013). As a result, the construction authority can rectify the mistakes beforehand through adequate risk management, so that the resources like time and manpower can be saved from being wasted and can be invested in further developmental procedures to propagate the economic and developmental growth of the emerging country (Aminbakhsh, Gunduz Sonmez, 20 13). For example, in case of national construction project OHS (occupational health and safety) frameworks, when the analytical hierarchy procedure is used by the management, all the hazards that are prevalent in the construction sites that are both dependent and independent of human errors can be easily controlled or procured Body Section 3: Risk management plan can help to procure important resources for the construction work With the help of the risk management plan, it is possible to ensure that proper resources are being gathered and stored that can be used for the future purpose (Caiadoa, 2016). On the other hand, it many of the cases, it may be challenging for the construction workers to make the future perditions that are needed for the procurement of the resources. With the help of the procurement and the drafting advice that are needed as a part of the extensive work. It is important to note that each type of the construction work involves different types of resource utilization that is needed for the process of securing of the jobs. Qazi et al., (2016) discussed that one of the major aims of the project managers is to deal with the securement of resources. Schaufelberger and Holm (2017), have provided evidence about the fact that most of the resources that are being allocated for the construction work have the risks of fluctuating prices. This is more likely in the context of dealing emerging eco nomic nations. The example of Lithuanian construction company can be given in the context, which has to hire external resources for the construction project from the foreign nations at much higher cost. This has been a major cause of poor economic development of the nation, where it is not possible for the government to earn major revenues. The risk management plan in the context of procurement can thereby help to ensure high revenue income from the government sources. It can also help in the matter of resource allocation and procuring the same for the construction work. The government can also help in the process of risk mitigation and improve the chance of economic development. The example in this context can be given that most of the major construction forms partnership with the suppliers groups that help in the matters of getting resources of during the time of crisis (Schaufelberger and Holm 2017). On the other hand, it can also be said that while procuring the assets, there is also the risk of stocking resources for the future. This can increase the chance of shortages of resources during the present scenario (Schaufelberger and Holm 2017). Body Section 4: Risk management can help in the process of opportunity identification The research work of Paul and Basu (2016) discussed, the risk management and opportunity identification of the construction work is becoming more challenging in the context of the current days. This is also due to the change in the nature of the construction work and the demand for the client groups. On the other hand, there is also the chance factor that due to the poor assessment of the risk assessments, it is may not be possible to identify the proper forms of opportunities that are needed to deal with the issues of related to the construction projects. The non-homogeneous nature along with the non-serial type of production has been one of the major challenges for the construction work of the modern days. As further opportunities are being identified, it may be possible to predict all types of future risks that are associated with the work of construction. Advanced level of monitoring is being implemented that are needed to deal with the future challenges associated with the work of construction in the emerging economic nations. As future risks of the construction industry are being identified, it is possible to implement the process of long-term savings that is one of the major ways to improve upon the government economy of the nation. The opportunities are also effective in identifying the effective ways to improve upon the usage of the natural resources. Lam et al., (2017), have added in the context that due lack of availability of the natural resources in the emerging nations, they are forced to import the same from the foreign nations. This results in the loss of revenue of the private organizations within the construction industry. The risk assessment planning can help in the se curement of the resources and make proper use of the same in order to deal with the resource challenges. Here the relevant examples can be given that will help in the cases related to that of risk identification. As risks could have been identified, it is possible for the construction agencies to develop policies that can help to make full use of the opportunities (Paul and Basu 2016). It can also be said that there is high level of chance of mistakes that are involved due to poor process of risk assessment. Poor process of opportunity identification can result in false prediction for the future (Lam et al., 2017). Body Section 5: Risk assessment can help to reduce the effect of environmental degradation and thereby help in the process of improving the level of health in the society Perrenoud et al., (2017), have highlighted about the types environmental degradation that is usually caused due to the disposal of constructional wastes. The risk assessment plan can help in the management activity that are needed to deal with the issues of environmental wastages that are caused due to the construction works. One of the major examples of environmental degradation due to the construction work is that of the Dakota Access Pipeline that has received several critics due to over exploitation of the local available natural resources. The transportation of the natural oil for several miles has resulted in the environmental impact that has resulted in environmental pollution in the form of oil spilling and leakages (Hassan, 2016). Hence, in the given context, it is not possible to deal with the adverse effects of the environmental changes that are usually associated with the construction activities. For the emerging economic nations, the risk assessment plans can help to deal with the process of suitable development. There are also special protocols within the risk assessment plans that are needed to deal with the adverse effects of constructional wastes. This can be achieved with the help of implementing proper wastes disposal and treatment procedures. Here examples can be given in the forms that construction project workers use raw materials that are eco-friendly and can also be re-used in the future. In the counter argument it can be said that in order to deal with the effects of environmental degradation, the cost of construction work is increased significantly (Hassan, 2016)) Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be stated that the risk management procedures act as saving grace for the construction companies and government authorities in saving crucial resources like time, money and manpower for the nation. And hence, optimal utilization of the resources is able to facilitate better growth and development for the nation. However, the benefits of the risk management activities are stretched further to incorporate procurement and opportunity identification. It in turn can effectively enhance the revenue statistics of the emerging country effectively. Lastly, sustainable development is a prerequisite for any of the developmental projects all across the world. Therefore, through risk management in context of environmental impact can also help in overall growth of emerging nations to the forefront of global-recognition. References: Aminbakhsh, S., Gunduz, M., Sonmez, R. (2013). Safety risk assessment using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) during planning and budgeting of construction projects.Journal of safety research,vol-46, pp.99-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2013.05.003 Article 1, Caiadoa, R. G. G. (2016). GUIDELINES TO RISK MANAGEMENT MATURITY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. Brazilian Journal of Operations Production Management, 13(3), 372-385. Vol 13, No:3 Article 7 Doi: DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.2016.v13.n3.a14 Fellows, R., Liu, A. M. (2012). Managing organizational interfaces in engineering construction projects: addressing fragmentation and boundary issues across multiple interfaces.Construction Management and Economics,vol-30(issue 8), pp. 653-671. Doi: 10.1080/01446193.2012.668199, Article 2, Hassan, M. K. (2016). Risk Management in Construction of Oil Industry Projects in Sudan (Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Retrieved from: https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/13796 Hwang, B. G., Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,Volume 31, Issue 2, pp. 272-284.doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.05.004 Article 3 Kelly, J., Male, S., Graham, D. (2014).Value management of construction projects. John Wiley Sons. Pp. 51-67 Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=MnTCBwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA239dq=Kelly,+J.,+Male,+S.,+%26+Graham,+D.+(2014).+Value+management+of+construction+projects.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.ots=WEZ_ZTrU8asig=BF4ArO8lOWHBVALE4MM2oyjk9_Aredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Lam, T. Y., Lam, T. Y., Siwingwa, N., Siwingwa, N. (2017). Risk management and contingency sum of construction projects. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 22(3), 237-251. Vol. 22 Issue: 3, pp.237-251 Doi: 10.1108/JFMPC-10-2016-0047 Merrow, E. W. (2011).Industrial megaprojects: concepts, strategies, and practices for success(Vol. 8). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781119201045/homepage/AuthorBiography.html Paul, V. K., Basu, C. (2016). Scenario Planning and Risk Failure Mode Effect and Analysis (RFMEA) based Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management, 6(2), 24-29. Article 8 DOI : 10.6106/JCEPM.2016.6.2.024 Volume 6, Issue 2,2016, pp.24-29 Perrenoud, A., Lines, B. C., Savicky, J., Sullivan, K. T. (2017). Using Best-Value Procurement to Measure the Impact of Initial Risk-Management Capability on Qualitative Construction Performance. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(5), 04017019. Article 6 Vol: 33 Issues 5 Qazi, A., Quigley, J., Dickson, A., Kirytopoulos, K. (2016). Project Complexity and Risk Management (ProCRiM): Towards modelling project complexity driven risk paths in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 34(7), 1183-1198. Article 5 Doi: org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.05.008 Vol: 34 Issue: 7 Schaufelberger, J. E., Holm, L. (2017). Management of construction projects: a constructor's perspective. Taylor Francis. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=8CklDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Schaufelberger,+J.+E.,+%26+Holm,+L.+(2017).+Management+of+construction+projects:+a+constructor%27s+perspective.+Taylor+%26+Francis.ots=2g-5a9Reh2sig=1DumZuu3AUwesdqRP_xhjrR6ofIredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Zwikael, O., Ahn, M. (2011). The effectiveness of risk management: an analysis of project risk planning across industries and countries.Risk analysis,vol. 31(issue 1), 25-37.doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01470.x Article 4

Social computing in global businesses

Introduction Human beings have always lived in groups and societies from the beginning of their existence on the planet. Being in groups and congregations fulfilled many basic human needs, such as, safety, cooperation in getting food, water or shelter. The presence of societies and groups also helped in getting approval from others. Humans like to interact with one another and be heard, accepted and followed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social computing in global businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This human tendency and need for belonging to groups is what ignited the spark of social computing; the phenomenon will be the focus of this white paper. The establishment of societies, groups and interactions that connect many people online is just an imitation of human behaviour in the real world. The difference is that social computing uses IT and the internet as the main medium of communication rather t han face-to-face communication used in real life. During the course of this paper we will try to cover some information about social computing. We will discuss its meaning and definition; then we will briefly talk about its history and how it came to existence in its modern form. The different types of social computing applications and mediums will be mentioned and how they are used to create and promote interactions between people. The use of social computing for businesses takes a different path than the one used for personal interactions. For organisations to utilise social computing, they have to know the benefits they can gain from using such a powerful tool. The different benefits companies can get from using social computing will also be discussed. This will illustrate to the reader that it is not just individuals who can benefit from social computing, but businesses can also gain enormously from such tools. In order to show how some global businesses have used social computi ng, we will also include some examples of companies that are actively using social computing to improve their business practices. Focus will also be given to their communication strategies with all members of their value chain. Additionally, since we know that our audience is in the U.A.E., we will discuss how organisations and businesses in the United Arab Emirates can use the power of social computing to improve their profitability and their relationships with customers, suppliers, staff and all the other entities that they deal with. Definition of social computing Social computing started during the 1960’s with the recognition of the idea that computers are used for communication and not just for computation (McDonald 12). Social computing can be defined as â€Å"the shared and interactive aspect of online behaviour† (Rouse 30). Some of the major elements of social computing include blogs, wikis, instant messaging, Twitter, social networking, RSS, and social bookmar king sites (Rouse 9).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social computing is the practice of expanding the contacts of our business and/or social relations through creating connections with individuals. The supreme potential of the Internet promotes social computing through web-based groups created for that purpose. Social computing creates interconnected Internet communities that help persons to make contacts. Web sites dedicated to social computing are many, such as, Friendster, Linkedin, Spoke, and Tribe Networks, IBM and Microsoft. Social computing is a collection of technologies driving a remarkable evolution of the Web in growth and investment. Social computing is based on digital systems that support online social interaction. Social interactions can occur through email, sharing photos, and instant messaging. Such interactions are typically social for the reason that t hey are mainly about communicating with people. Also, there are other kinds of online social activities such as creating a web page, offering something on eBayâ„ ¢, following others on Twitterâ„ ¢, and editing in Wikipedia. These activities involve people that one may not know. Social computing is about how digital systems support social interactions. It engages people by providing communication mechanisms for interactions, chatting, sharing information, processing and displaying traces of online interfaces (McDonald 15). History of Social Computing Social computing has been around for quite some time. Some people may say that it dates back to the 1960’s. At that time, scientists and experts in IT started to realise that computers can be used for communication as well as computation. In 1961 Simon Ramo discussed the possibility of many people being connected together through the use of computers. He said â€Å"it is a degree of citizen participation unthinkable today.à ¢â‚¬  (Ramo 1) In 1968 a book written by Licklider and Taylor called â€Å"The Computer as a Communication Device† was published. The book spoke about the emergence of interactive communities that joined people from different geographical areas together. They had common interests and were using IT systems as their main method of communicating. Even though the discussion about using computer systems to connect people started in the early 1960’s, it wasn’t until the 1970’s that computer-based communication had started. The earliest systems that utilized computers in communication between people included Emissary and Eis systems. They were used for what experts called computer conferencing. Furthermore, in the 1970’s the University of Illinois introduced PLATO Notes. Mailing lists were introduced for the first time ever on ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). (Licklider and Taylor 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sampl e on Social computing in global businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After these programs opened the door, the 1980’s saw an increase of IT systems that used computers to connect people. Social interactions through online text conversations increased, and bulletin boards emerged. Also the 80’s saw the introduction of Internet Relay Chat and USENET. USENET was started as an online community that users could utilise to communicate with each other. They could discuss different issues of mutual concern through posts and threads on topics. Another way of using computers for communication in the 1980’s was bulletin boards. They mimicked traditional bulletin boards used by people to post topics or issues of interest to different members of society. In the 1990’s advances continued in IT infrastructure, and so did developments in communication technology. The introduction of the web in the 90’s helped to advance social computing greatly. It caused a revolution by increasing connection speeds and bandwidths. Nonetheless, when the web first started, social interactions and communication between people were limited to content that people used to upload on webpages. Most of them shared links with other users; this is quite different from the social computing that exists today. Webpage uploads were the beginning of dramatic changes in the way people interacted with each other over extended geographical areas. Little regard would be given to distance or natural barriers in this platform. The internet actually made the idea of social computing in its current sense a reality. People didn’t have to be on the same local network or in the same area in order to interact and communicate with each other. In the late 1990’s and the beginning of the 21st century, IT systems became more capable of facilitating communication between people and entities in a way that used computation al power. Not only did this allow people to interact directly with each other, but it also fed results back into the system in a way that enriched social interactions. The systems became more tailor-made for individual users. An example of this application is feedback or suggestions that one gets when using search engines like Google, YouTube, Amazon or EBay. Nowadays social computing applications and functions are an essential part of almost any website. Businesses have recognized the importance of such applications and are using them very heavily to increase interactions with customers, suppliers and other members of the value chain. This increased dependency on social computing is causing these websites and applications to become an integral part of people’s daily lives.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Types of social computing applications One of the types of social computing applications that create the above-mentioned benefits are web blogs. These are online journals in which an author or a series of authors publish material on particular topics. Content may be anything from cooking recipes, sports, business, politics, scientific work or entertainment. Blogs allow users to engage in discussions by either linking a particular blog in another forum or by making commentaries about a blogging topic. Businesses can utilise this application in order to capture knowledge about their industries. They may also have internal blogs that provide employees with a platform to make personal contributions (Fun Wagner 248). Wikis are applications that allow users to make contributions about particular topics from scratch through hypertext. It is a collaborative authoring tool which aggregates into an open source of information, such as Wikipedia. Users and administrators can provide quality co ntrol in order to increase reliability of this form of social computing. The mode of application is highly useful to enterprises because it allows them to share knowledge. Companies can discover new trends about their products or services. A business can also learn about stakeholder concerns, and thus improve its business operations. Peer to peer networks are applications that allow users to share multimedia content as well as storage and bandwidth. People often use them to share music and videos. This feature explains why many internet stakeholders have a bias against P2P networks since they facilitate copyright infringement. Nonetheless, a number of companies in the business industry have embraced these technologies as methods of distribution. P2P networks may also increase marketability of content when only short versions of a file are available for sharing. Customers may be prompted to purchase the original version of a file. Social networking websites are sites that join users to their contacts and acquaintances in an online community. Common sites include Facebook and twitter. Facebook allows one to invite others (who may or may not be strangers) to become friends with him in his online community. Businesses may use Facebook as an internal emailing system or as a promotional avenue for products and series. It can also strengthen business associations by building networks. Twitter is another social networking website that allows individuals to read short messages (tweets) and respond to them by following the user. Businesses can use this platform to stay in tune with industry trends, boost their networks, expose their brands, monitor their image, engage with facts and expand their consumer base (Rasmus Salkowitz 8). Video sharing websites such as YouTube are revolutionary social computing platforms as well. They allow entities to share clips about any matter they regard as important. This may range from sports, politics, music and many other issues. Busi nesses may make advertisements, explain product use or announce new corporate strategies through YouTube. The video element in this type of application makes it quite cutting edge and transforming. Photo sharing websites like Flicker allow members to upload, tag and view photos. In these websites, it is possible to get feedback from concerned members. Companies can harness these websites in order to promote some of their new offerings. They can increase their popularity through this avenue. Businesses may think of Flicker as an internet-based location for photographic posters. Social bookmarking services are similar to photo sharing applications because they also allow users to tag items. Here, social bookmarking services are only allowed for books, not photos. One well-known example is Delicious. In this application, users share links and give feedback about the most relevant one. Only communities with similar interests can belong to one social site. Peer to peer video and communic ation services may also be regarded as aspects of social computing. Skype is an example of such an application. It allows users to communicate in real time through video and audio. Businesses may utilise this mode of social computing in order to facilitate that personal touch with clients. Customers can also give reviews about products through Skype, and this may enhance business outcomes. Benefits of social computing Communication Enterprise social computing facilitates communication in companies. Knowledge can flow across boundaries, hierarchies and information silos in social media. Members of an organisation can access a place where they can engage in informal conversations. Improvements made from fast communication often translate into higher production. For instance firms can launch products at very fast rates if operational teams are always in constant communication with marketing and procurement teams. In the past, many companies used knowledge management solutions to improv e communication. Social computing provides an edge over older communication solutions because it deals with new knowledge. Knowledge management was confined to the conveyance of existing knowledge. Many of these platforms stored old and outdated material that lacked relevance to workers’ daily activities. Social computing sustains the ever-changing stream of enterprise knowledge. Not only does social computing increase communication rates, it also enhances the quality of communication. Social media tools allow companies to preserve memory within their structures. Since business environments are changing rapidly, then companies need to capture knowledge as soon as it develops. To increase usefulness of information, people need to know the context and content of the material. Social tools make this quality a reality by preserving knowledge at a rate that equals its dissemination. Finance or business outcomes Financial benefits of enterprise social computing come from improved r eturns. Social tools allow companies to discover emerging opportunities in their business processes and practices. Organisations can discern opportunities for innovation when they use social software appropriately. Such opportunities lead them to develop innovations frequently. Social media tools help firms to manage, analyse, track and find gaps that can then be leveraged (Bughin et al. 5). Many companies may fail to achieve financial results from social software because their primary focus is adoption rather than operational efficiency. Firms that demonstrate success in social computing tend to dwell on tangible aspects of operation. They identify challenges in operations and then use social media to tackle those problems. In fact, this focus on outcomes is what helps many organisations to overcome scepticism against the technologies. Employees who witness increases in performance metrics will see the use of social software and will continue to use it. Consequently, companies will continue to generate more financial revenue. Staff improvement Employees that embrace social media can identify experts easily, and thus solve problems easily. They can use online community networks such as Socialcast to meet with their peers. The latter is a micro blog that assists sales persons to correspond with members of the sales industry. Users of enterprise social computing can thus consult other people about problems that may be new to them (Miller et al. 15). Enterprise social media differs from other traditional methods of information seeking because it is transparent and saves time. One may look for answers by searching for previous discussions on the same. However, if no one has ever posted such information, then the concerned person can be the first one to do so. This ability to identify experts easily makes social computing quite advantageous to organisations. Marketing Most people often think of social computing in this sense. Companies use social networking website s in order to market themselves either directly or indirectly. Some of them may inform customers about product or service updates. Others may educate customers about various ways of using their products. They can build relationships with clients by conversing with them. Alternatively, organisations can use social media to build brands. Businesses also get to familiarise themselves with particular trends, which gives them a competitive edge. Twitter is especially useful in this area because firms can monitor the pulse of their visibility (Dachis Group 11). Examples of successful use of social computing As discussed earlier, social computing leads to staff improvement. A company that demonstrated these abilities was IPC Inc. It is a healthcare institution that used social software to harness distributed knowledge. Physicians in this company faced daily challenges that were new to them. Many of these professionals used social software to contact other physicians. Through this avenue, t hey could converse about clinical matters or patient challenges. Their version of social software provided them with access to about 1000 doctors in real time. If a physician had to make a critical decision about a certain patient, and was uncertain about it, all he had to do was communicate with the other physicians. The hospital improved its response times as well as its quality of care. Besides, it led to greater physician satisfaction because doctors were not working alone (Miller et al. 19). Some companies embrace social software in order to increase business performance or boost financial revenue. One organisation that enjoyed this reward was OSIsoft. The company identified a challenge that social networking could solve; poor problem resolution. Prior to implementation of enterprise social computing, the customer support department was unable to respond quickly and accurately to customer inquiries. This minimised customer satisfaction and hence business outcomes. After the ado ption of social software, OSIsoft easily accessed experts based on relevant topics. Customer support staff could also engage in ongoing discussions with engineers about technical issues that customers needed to know. All learning was documented through wiki articles. Some of the information came from call logs while others stemmed from experts. Employees took on the responsibility of creating knowledge as it was not just a duty assigned to a small team. In the end, problem resolution improved dramatically. Customers were satisfied and this increased the amount of business they brought to the company. OSIsoft reaped tangible financial results because of social media use (Miller et al. 27). Most firms utilise social computing in order to boost their marketing strategies. In fact, when one talks about social technology, most people will automatically think about Twitter and Facebook. While consumer driven applications are vital in organisations, deeper analyses of collaborative tools n eed to be done (O’Driscoll 29). However, it is still necessary to look at case studies of companies that harnessed these consumer-driven technologies. One company that demonstrated the power of social networking in marketing was Toyota. In 2010, the company had quality control issues with their automobiles. They needed to recall a vast number of units, and this took a toll on their brand image. The company decided to target social networking website users in order to minimise this damage. At any one time, there were almost a dozen Toyota employees monitoring Facebook and other social networking websites for commentaries about the company. The workers would respond to complaints and comments as soon as they arose thus ensuring that Toyota would not fall prey to negative publicity. After about 6 months, not only had the firm managed to salvage its reputation, but it expanded its Facebook fan base by about ten percent (Messinger et al. 190). Therefore, social computing allows co mpanies to target consumers directly concerning various aspects of marketing, such as, branding. Educational institutions have also used social computing to improve marketing performance. One such entity was Phoenix University. It has several online programs that it offers students all around the world. In order to enhance their experience, the institution created documentaries that talk about the institutional rules and regulations. Furthermore, the firm needed to reach a vast pool of potential clients. It did this by publishing reviews and video testimonials on YouTube. These allowed interested individuals to access information at their fingertips. Furthermore, it placed the firm at the top of search results about online tertiary institutions (Messinger et al. 220). Retail organisations can also use social computing in order to learn about and meet client needs. Best Buy is an example of a company that successfully did this. It asked Facebook members about their best vampire movie s. The company acted on those responses by placing all the popular ones on sale. As such, Best Buy demonstrated that social computing can be a low-cost strategy of getting feedback from customers. This enables firms to meet their needs directly and more effectively. Aside from the marketing function, some firms have used social computing in order to facilitate communication. As Peter Kim explains in a YouTube video on the power of people, a certain restaurant in Texas utilised its Facebook page as a platform for strengthening its ties with staff members. The area in which the restaurant was located was burnt by a huge fire. Many of the company’s employees lost their belongings and homes as a result. Employees used the restaurant’s Facebook page to air out their grievances. It was a place where they could get solace from colleagues. The organisation leveraged on social computing to enhance its business-to-employee relationship (Kim). How to use social computing to impro ve business practices in UAE Social computing can revolutionise the way companies carry out businesses in the UAE. It is not enough for companies to use social media in order to market new products or reach new clientele; firms need to create sustained value through this phenomenon. UAE companies need to use social computing to develop their business in all realms; that is, in supplies, human resources, operations, marketing and public relations (Dachis Group 5). Firms in this country need to apply the concept when dealing with collaboration between two or more employees. They should also embrace it when optimising their supply chains. Social computing can also lead to better business to customer engagement. The phenomenon can contribute to organisational strategy in the area of connections, analytics, culture and even content exchanges. Companies in the UAE need to realise that social computing will cause them to harness market trends that can drive their business models into the f uture (Parameswaran Whinston 765). Employees and consumers have altered their power over brands as well as IT processes. Workers are using social computing to get past the chain of command inherent in previous technological tools or processes. Customers are taking control of how their brands are perceived, so organisations in the UAE need to embrace this business-transforming idea (IBM 8). In order to understand how social computing will gain relevance in the UAE business climate, firms need to demonstrate certain features after its adoption. Social business can assist firms in becoming engaged. They will become deeply connected to employees, partners, and most importantly, customers. As a result, most of these organisations will become more efficient and productive. Social computing will also increase transparency in an organisation by elimination of boundaries that may exist in a company. Sometimes these boundaries can prevent a business from sharing information or utilising cert ain assets. Lack of transparency may also minimise access to experts, social computing would eradicate that problem. Social business would also improve business practices in the UAE by eliminating boundaries in the above mentioned areas. Companies will also increase their rates of doing business if they take on social computing. They can anticipate problems and address them early on. Firms can also harness new opportunities that will give them an edge over their competitors (Schwartz 1). Social computing enables businesses to capture knowledge, and hence boost their financial outcomes. For UAE organisations to compete favourably, they need to harness as much information as possible. However, the business climate in the country has changed; a lot of companies exist and transactions take place virtually. This calls for a different approach to harnessing knowledge from stakeholders in order to boost a company’s competiveness (Schwartz 1). Social computing can improve communicati on within UAE organisations and outside. Companies can reach their customers, suppliers and partners in real time in order to have conversations with them. Workers can share ideas and insights about certain challenges and thus boost organisational outcomes. Furthermore, the phenomenon will also assist UAE firms in improving staff performance. First organisations can attract appropriate talent through collaborative media. They can also retain talent by allowing their staff to mix work priorities with social needs. This creates a community that has high levels of organisational loyalty. Perhaps one of the most direct and obvious benefits of social computing is strengthening marketing efforts in the UAE. These applications will allow companies to reach customers in new and exciting ways. They will facilitate relationship marketing and also expand consumer pools (Parameswaran Whinston 765). Conclusion Social computing empowers businesses to increase creativity, organise business strate gies and strengthen social interactions. This means that they can reach new clients, facilitate better internal communication, keep up with industry trends, increase business outcomes (financial returns), strengthen employee commitment and communicate with partners more easily. Social computing leads to better financial, human resource, marketing and communication outcomes. Works Cited Bughin, Jacques, Angela Byers Michael Chui. How social technologies are extending the organisation. Nov. 2011. Web.. †¹http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/High_Tech/Strategy_Analysis/How_social_technologies_are_extending_the_organization_2888†º Dachis Group. The definition of social business. June 2012. Web. †¹http://www.dachisgroup.com/2012/06/the-definition-of-social-business/†º Fun, Rachael Christian Wagner. â€Å"Weblogging: A study of social computing and its impact on organisations†. IT and value creation 45.2(2008): 242-250. Print. IBM. IBM social business. 2012. Web.. †¹http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/socialbusiness/overview/index.html†º Kim, Peter. The power of people. 2012. Web.. †¹https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIMR3uHMWz4†º Licklider, Jack Taylor Robert. The computer as a communication device 1968. Web.. †¹http://www.comunicazione.uniroma1.it/materiali/20.20.03_licklider-taylor.pdf. †º McDonald, David. Social Computing, 2011. Web. †¹http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/social_computing.html†º Messinger, Paul, Eleni Stroulia, Kelly Lyons, Michael Bone, Run Niu, Kristen Smirnov, Stephen Perelgut. â€Å"Virtual worlds – past, present and future: new directions in social computing.† Online communities and social network 47.3(2009): 204-228. Print. Miller. Megan, Aliza Marks Marcelus DeCoulode. Social software for business performance.2011. PDF file. Web.. †¹http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/TMT_us_tmt/us_tmt_%20Social%20Softwar e%20for%20Business_031011.pdf†º O’Driscoll, Tony. â€Å"Transforming collaboration with social tools.† Technology Forecast 3: 1-68. 2011. Web. Parameswaran, Manoj Andrew Whinston. â€Å"Social computing: an overview.† Communications of the Association for Information Systems 19(2007): 762-780. Print. Ramo, Simon. Teaching machines and programmed learning: a source book. Washington, DC: NEA, 1961. Print. Rasmus, Daniel Rob Salkowitz. Social computing in the enterprise 2009. PDF file. 22 Jun. 2012 †¹http://download.microsoft.com/download/8/3/A/83A83256-4BC7-4512-9C73-2B6AB50F144E/Social_Computing_in_the_Enterprise.pdf†º Rouse, M. Social computing. 2010. Web.. †¹http://searchwinit.techtarget.com/definition/social-computing-SoC†º Schwartz, Jonathan. â€Å"If you want to lead, Blog.† Harvard Business Review Nov. 2005: 1. Print. This essay on Social computing in global businesses was written and submitted by user Malice to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aristophanes the Ancient Greek Comedy Writer

Aristophanes the Ancient Greek Comedy Writer Aristophanes is important today because his work is still relevant. People still laugh at modern performances of his comedies. In particular, his famous womens sex strike for peace comedy, Lysistrata, continues to resonate. Pronunciation:  /à ¦.rÉ ª.sta.fÉ™.niz/ Examples:  In Aristophanes  Frogs, Dionysus, like Hercules before him, goes to the Underworld to bring back Euripides. The Old Comedy Old Comedy had been performed for 60 years prior to Aristophanes. In his time, as his work shows, Old Comedy was changing. It was bawdy and topically political, taking license with living people in the public eye. Ordinary humans played the most heroic characters. Gods and heroes could play buffoons. His style of Old Comedy is described as over-the-top, more like Animal House than How I Met Your Mother. The latter has a lineage that could be traced to an important comedy genre that came after Aristophanes. This was New Comedy, the stock character-filled comedy of manners, written by the Greek Menander and his Roman imitators. To be more completely accurate, New Comedy followed Middle Comedy, a little-known genre to which Aristophanes contributed at the end of his career. Aristophanes wrote comedies from 427-386 B.C., which gives us approximate dates for his life: (c. 448-385 B.C.). Unfortunately, we know very little about him, although he lived in Athens during periods of turmoil, beginning his writing career after the death of Pericles, during the Peloponnesian War. In A Handbook of Greek Literature, H.J. Rose says his father was named Philippos. Rose calls Aristophanes a member of the Athenian conservative party. Aristophanes Makes Fun of Socrates Aristophanes knew Socrates and poked fun at him in The Clouds, as an example of a sophist. From the other side, Aristophanes appears in Platos Symposium, comically hiccuping before he comes up with an inspired explanation for why there are are people with different sexual orientations. Of more than 40 plays written by Aristophanes, 11 survive. He won prizes at least six times but not all firsts four at the Lenaea (held roughly, in January), where comedy was added to the events in about 440 B.C., and two at the City Dionysia (roughly, in March), where only tragedy had been performed until about 486 B.C. While Aristophanes produced most of his own plays, he did not initially do so. Not until the Acharnians, a pro-peace play and one of those featuring the character of the great tragedian Euripides, won a prize at the Lenaea, in 425, did he start producing. His previous two plays, the Banqueteers, and the Babylonians do not survive. The Knights (Lenaea of 424), an attack on the political figure Cleon, and Frogs (Lenaia of 405), which also features the character of Euripides in a contest with Aeschylus, also won first prize. The generally irreverent, creative Aristophanes made fun of the gods and of real people. His portrayal of Socrates in The Clouds has been criticized for contributing to the atmosphere that condemned Socrates since he portrays Socrates as a ridiculous sophist teaching the morally worthless topics of philosophy for money. Old Comedy Structure A typical structure for Aristophanes Old Comedy would be prologue, parados, agon, parabasis, episodes, and Exodus, with a chorus of 24. Actors wore masks and had padding front and back. Costumes might include giant phalluses. He used equipment like the mechane or crane and the ekkyklema or platform. He made up long, complicated, compound words where appropriate, like cloudcuckooland. Surviving Comedies by Aristophanes The AcharniansThe BirdsThe CloudsThe EcclesiazusaeThe FrogsThe KnightsLysistrataPeacePlutusThe ThesmophoriazusaeThe Wasps

Management and Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management and Financial Accounting - Essay Example The management account is a system of Accounting which deals with the information that is useful to the managers and employees with in the organization. Information of M A can be money or non money process. It helps in Management of plan, control and decision making process. It does not require any kind of legal requirement. In simpler words MA is useful in the assistance of planning, controlling, decision making and motivation. On the other hand financial accounting deals with the reporting of the official accounts on demand of the shareholder, government agencies and other parties external to the firm. FA deals with the accounts, records and the performance of the firm over a considered period. FA is limited to some companies and FA must be prepared by law. They are to be produced every year. FA mostly deals with money. It should operate with in the framework determined by law and IASS. FA represents the historic picture of the past operations. Preparing of these accounts gave birt h to the some other standard boards under the authorities of the previous standard boards and the government authorities and the main aim of such standard boards is to build up a firm in which such standards are introduced which are useful all over the world and their principle is to from such standards which are useful all over the world and useful for education and, implementing in the calculation of accounts in the multi nationals. And they hope and try their best to create an international standard so compatible that no other firm can be compared with it.

Strategic Management Accounting - Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management Accounting - - Assignment Example The company has been able to maintain a competitive edge through increased innovative, good corporate image and technological advancement. In this organization, decision making can be characterized as participatory where all the management is employed in decision making process. The second problem is presence of management teams that does not have long-range plans, also the management team is not dynamic, i. e., the majority of the management impedes change in the organization. In order to determine whether to replace the existing machine with the new mechanism, we need to calculate the Net Present value relative to the old machine. In order to achieve this objective we will follow the following steps: The decision criteria of the company are to select projects that have their payback period as five years and below. In the case of AL II, the payback period is 9.05 years, therefore, the replacement process should not be undertaken. My advice is to reject the project since the IRR is below the company cost capital. In addition to this, internal rate of return is one of the best criteria as it is considered to be a measure of marginal efficiency of the capital invested. There is need to analyze the firm financial capacity toward financing the replacement proposal. If it is not financially capable in implementing the proposal, the firm should search from resources elsewhere. In this case, the firm may result in borrowing, thus, the firm should consider the cost of borrowing and covenants attached to such borrowed funds (Hoque, 2005). It is necessary to consider the level of environmental degradation occasioned by the implementation of the proposal. If the existing machines pollute the environment at higher rate, that increases chances of the company facing legal suits emanating from environment pollution, the company might consider undertaking the proposal. Another strategic factor that needs to be

Race in America Essay Example for Free

Race in America Essay The racial issues have become less significant in todays society than in earlier days among the American people. In todays society, many improved racial equality measures have been taken in order to ensure that the people of the United States are treated as if in one social group. Although many actions have been done to improve the equality of the people of America, racial issues still exists. Race in my opinion is the perception that an individual have towards any social group and can see differences from a visual aspect. Even though racial profiling, in the earlier days were a top issue in America, it is dying out and is replaced with the equal standards of todays society. When people come in to contact with one another they tend notice differences they see in one another. These differences can be attributed to the genotype and phenotype variation between people. It tends to not be biologically significant to divide humans in to racial groups it is more of a social concept. The various characteristics such as skin color, shape of face, hair and eye color, nose shape and hair form are used in categorizing people in to specific races. Race is a powerful social concept that affects many aspects of our culture now and in our history. In the past you would see much more endogamy due to breeding isolates. But now with more social acceptance and modern transportation we are seeing much more exogamy. This in turn has widened the gene pool and allowed much more genetic variation. With these changes come less of a chance and or preference for inbreeding like we have seen in our history. Inbreeding tends to increase the chances for the offspring to have genetic disorders there for is harmful to the population. The problem with this social categorization system it tends to lead to certain races believing their traits are more favorable. Once it is believed that one race is better than other that type of thinking leads some to believe in biological determinism. Many wars have been found over the years because a group of people thought they were superior to another. Completely stupid concept but some simply cannot see beyond it. A prime example of this is the eugenics that was being practiced by Hitler. He convinced and or scared an entire nation in to persecuting the Jewish people of Germany. He believed that he was improving the Aryan race by his horrific actions. Which to be honest has always confused me. A man wanting to rid the world of dark haired non Aryan looking people, yet he himself did not fit in to his own category. It seems to me that concentrating on our differences only opens the door to dividing us. We must learn from the past and look toward bettering the future, for all of our sakes.

Dennis Potters Blue Remembered Hills :: Dennis Potters Blue Remembered Hills Essays

Dennis Potters' Blue Remembered Hills A.E. Houseman’s poem looks back at childhood as a â€Å"land of lost content† meaning that when you are a child you are innocent and you don’t have a care in the world. Also he says that childhood is a â€Å"happy highway where I went / and cannot come again† meaning that they are the best years of your life but you can never go back there. Dennis Potter took the poem and turned it in to a play about a group of children who were on there school holidays in the forest of dean in Gloucester. Potter is asking if childhood is such a land of lost content and is children so innocent. The poem was set in the summer of 1943 and there were 5 boys and 2 girls who were played by adults. The first person we meet is Willie who is playing at being a spitfire. Next we meet peter who is a bit of a bully. There is Audrey who is a bit of an ugly tag-along and then there is Angela who is a pretty girl who orders Audrey about. There is also Raymond who has a stutter and John he is a bit of a hero and is number 2 last there is Donald he is a bit of a pyromaniac. In the play the behaviour is realistic because that is what they would really do if they were in the forest of dean. They do things that only children do for example in scene 5 Donald, Angela and Audrey are fanaticising about being adults and are playing houses. Also they laugh about knickers being made out of silk. John and peter have a fight in scene 11. It all started in scene 10 Raymond was standing on his head and Audrey shouted that there was blood in his ear and John was standing up for Raymond and Peter was trying to make Raymond loose and then they get in to a fight and John won and peter was running away â€Å"Run, babby, run!† and peter ends up in the old barn talking to Donald. In this part of the play Dennis Potter is trying to make them look as if they are not so innocent. They are being deliberately cruel when they are trying to knock a squirrel out of a tree and they eventually knock it out and kill it. An incident of when they are unintentionally being cruel is when they trap Donald in the barn when Donald is starting a fire in amongst the hay.

Merseyside Essay

This case involves the dilemma between two mutually exclusive projects that Victoria Chemicals wants to proceed with, but can only choose one earning them 7% increase in polypropylene output per plant. The two proposals will be proposed by the plant managers and evaluated according to corporate criteria. They are to be evaluated on four credentials; Net present value, IRR, payback, and growth in EPS. However the two proposals are fairly different. The Rotterdam projects calls for the expenditure of 10. 5 million GBP spread over three years, firmly committing Victoria Chemicals to the new process technology. The Merseyside project calls for 12 million GBP for renovations, retaining the flexibility to later add the technology in the future. The question is which project should the company take on based on the financial calculations including the company decision criteria. Rotterdam Proposal The Rotterdam proposal consisted of a 90 page document with strategic analyses, and financial projections. The basic discounted cash flow (DCF) shows the project having a positive NPV of 11 million GBP with a IRR of 15. 4%. The initial invest spread over 3 years would help convert the plants polymerization line from batch to continuous-flow technology and to install sophisticated state-of-the-art process controls throughout the operations. This process has already been installed in several other production facilities in Japan and the improvements in cost and output had been positive on average. This proposal consists of 90 pages and already is giving a hint. In this proposal there can be a lot of bogus information which cant lead to false and misleading predictions. It can be looked at as very sketch as to why it seems to be the â€Å"better† proposal. In essence, the Rotterdam proposal seeks to accomplish their goals by having the option to purchase the pipeline for GBP3. 5 million in initial capital investment for overhauling the plant, having a value of 6 million GBP which can be later sold 15 years later for approx.. 40 million GBP. This violates the stand-alone principle. Subsequently, the plan calls for spending another GBP5 million in 2001, GBP1 million for 2002, and another GBP1 million for 2003. Total investments are roughly GBP10. 5 million, spread out in 3 years. These initial investment figures have a negative impact on the firm’s finances, affecting a series of other factors, which raise concerns among board of directors and executives. One major concern is that in the financial associated with this project they include 40 Million GBP from the selling of sale of the right-of-way pipeline in there cash flows in year 15 when in fact this is not substantial cash flow directly associated with the project. Some senior Victoria Chemicals executives firmly agreeing with this speculation saying â€Å"Our business is chemicals, not land speculation. Simply buying the right-of-way with the intention of reselling it for a profit takes us beyond our expertise. Who knows when we could sell it, and for how much? How distracting would this little side venture be for the executive committee? This then can affect the NPV as well as the IRR. The proposal also doesn’t account for the 3 percent inflation that is expected which also can change the estimates of gross profit also affecting the free cash flows for this project. As a result of these loses in output the first three years (from 2001-2003), there is also a reduction in gross profit. The report shows loses of -7. 79 GBP for 2001, -GPB5. 73 for 2002, and –GBP3. 40 for 2003 caused from the initial investment of 10. 5. The total loses amount to a staggering –GBP16. 92, a substantial amount for the firm during these first three years of upgrades and preparation for the new technology. These loses have a direct impact in sales figures, noticeably, thus creating a longer payback period for this project around 11 years, meaning that the project is a bit more risky considering a given 10 percent discount rate. I also noticed that this project seems to have the higher NPV of 14. 87 when they factor in the 40 million GBP from the sale of the pipeline in 15 years. Without that it then falls under the other proposal and is not the preferred project and has a lower NPV of 5. 29. Merseyside Proposal The Merseyside proposal consisted of a 12 million GBP expenditure creating significant opportunities for improvement in polypropylene production. Other opportunities stemmed from correcting the antiquated plant design in ways that would save energy and improve the process flow: relocating and modernizing tank-car unloading areas, which would enable the process flow to be streamlined, refurbishing the polymerization tank to achieve higher pressures and thus greater throughput, and renovating the compounding plant to increase extrusion throughput and obtain energy savings. No question that Morris’ plan is the more conservative of the two, suggesting a phased-in approach to the upgrades. In essence, Merseyside sees the need to make some technological upgrades as well. They want to slowly upgrade to the new controls system, and after a few years, make the full switch to the new software. In all, this 12 million GBP proposal retained the flexibility to add the technology in the future. The entire renovation would cause the plant to be down for 45 days causing the customers to go to other suppliers and competitors for the needed products due to the fact the other nearby plant (Rotterdam) is already working at maximum capacity. Some benefits of the renovations would be the improvement on gross margin up 1 % from 11. 5-12. 5. As you look at the financials associated with this project you notice that Merseyside met all the requirements for the corporate criteria with a greater NPV that Rotterdam when they do not include the 40 million sale of the pipeline. They also include and take inflation into account when giving their proposals as well. The initial investment is a bit more that Rotterdam but essentially the payback period is lower with only around 4. 1 years. This means this proposal is less risky then the other, both assuring the expected return of 7%. However there is a crossover rate at 15. 2 meaning with the discount rate at 15. there is no proposal that is preferred to one another if Rotterdam includes the 40 Million. Without the 40 million Merseyside project will always be preferred to Rotterdam because the NPV will always be greater. According to the case and my calculations I have come to the conclusion that it is best to accept the Merseyside project and reject the Rotterdam. Based on many financials and the corporate criteria Merseyside seems to be the best option. While evaluating both proposals I noticed that the Rotterdam project purchases a right-of-way pipeline for 3. 5 million included in the 10. million GBP investment to later sell in 15 years for 40 million GBP violating the standalone principle. However being that they are not in this type of business and are in the plastic manufacturing industry producing a wide variety of products; including medical supplies, carpet fibers, and automobile components, they should not account for the sale which would then put the NPV for this project from 14. 87 to 5. 29, which is then lower then the NPV for Merseyside which is 9. 12. When comparing mutually exclusive projects you want to focus on NPV and the project with the higher NPV is usually preferred to the oth er like in this case. Also when making my decision to choose Merseyside I noticed there was a smaller payback period meaning it will take a shorter time to recover your initial investment proving that the project can be less risky as well. I was also a little sketched out when the plant manager for Rotterdam presented a 90-page proposal. This can mean the managers put in a lot of false and misleading info to get the project approved. This can rest my case as to why I would prefer to choose the Merseyside project to the Rotterdam.

Puritan Beliefs Of The Massachusetts Bay Colony - 1236 Words

In Puritan belief, life was planned according to God, and a society worked to live out that plan. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was a closely integrated group that worked together to fulfill the wishes of a larger community. Puritans religious beliefs produced ideas that God’s will was to lead a community based on peace. God had set high expectations for a happy and trustworthy community. However, if a community did not live up to the expectations, God would destroy the community. Therefore, Puritan leaders felt the need to enforce strict rules so Puritans could not disobey the ideals. If anyone did not conform, they were called an â€Å"impostor† who did not belong in the community. If Puritans allowed freedom of worship, dissenters would not be banished from the community because all ideologies could potentially exist peacefully. The only time dissenters existed were in communities that limited freedom of rights. Along with most communities, there are differences from popular belief which leaders try to disestablish. A peaceful and harmonic community were guiding principles for Puritan communities. For we must consider that we shall be the City upon a hill. They eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely with our god in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present from us, we shall be made a story and a by word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors of God sShow MoreRelatedThe On Provence Of Massachusetts Bay Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pages Provence of Massachusetts Bay The history of the American government took a wide turn until the 50 states finally established. As before the United States was formed from a series of small colonies, also known as provinces. Massachusetts Bay, in particular, was one of these various settlements. 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